What Is the Difference Between Ecosystem and Ecology free essay sample

Ecosystem is the physical system (an open system) in which the mutual interaction between biotic and aboitic component motored by the energy component is studied. While the Ecology is the science which study the interrelation between Abiotic (inorganic) and Biotic (organic) components as well as the interaction among the biotic component. To make it more clear, ecosystem is the fundamental unit of ecological study. Ecology and ecosystem are two confusing concepts for those who are not aware of them. Ecology is sometimes called study of nature. Well, it is, but it is much more than life sciences like biology and physics, and includes geography, environment, oceanography etc. It is a comprehensive study of organisms and their relation with the environment they live in and interact with one another. It includes the amount and spread of organisms and how and why their distribution is affected by their relationship with the environment. An ecosystem on the other hand is a subset of ecology and refers to a system that includes all the organisms in an area along with the physical environment they live in. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Difference Between Ecosystem and Ecology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many more differences between ecology and ecosystem that will be discussed in this article. What is Ecosystem? As described above, an ecosystem is the entire biological community in an area along with the physical and chemical environment that includes the non living, or abiotic components. An ecosystem boundary is not fixed in any way though sometimes they are obvious like a pond. However, those involved in studies of ecosystems generally demarcate the boundaries of an ecosystem for their convenience. The main focuses behind study of ecosystems are the processes that link the living organisms in an ecosystem with the non living things or components. The energy transformations and biogeochemical cycles are the two processes between biotic and non biotic components that make up the subject matter of any study of an ecosystem. Transformation of energy in an ecosystem begins with input of energy from the sun. This energy is utilized by plants through photosynthesis to make food. Herbivores eat these plant and carnivores eat herbivores for their energy requirements. This is an oversimplification of food chain really, and there are many food chains existing in an ecosystem that have cross links. These linkages are referred to as food web. Biogeochemistry is a study that includes elements of biology, chemistry and geology. It is a detailed study of how living systems influence and in turn are themselves influenced by geology and chemistry of earth. Thus it includes many aspects of both biotic as well as abiotic world. What is Ecology? We often hear phrases like ecologically bad or something that is not good for ecology. However, ecology is not a normative subject and is a purely an academic discipline. The vast subject of ecology is divided into 4 categories namely physiological ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystems ecology. Physiological ecology has to do with the response and effect of environmental conditions on a specific species. Population ecology studies the amount and distribution of species and the environmental factors affecting this distribution. Community ecology is concerned with particular number of species found in an area and their interactions, and ecosystems ecology studies the structure and function of entire population of living (biotic components) things, abiotic components, and their interactions. What is the difference between Ecology and Ecosystem? †¢ An ecosystem is a natural unit comprising all living and non living things in the area and how biotic and abiotic components function together while influencing each other. Thus it talks about not just the living organisms but also abiotic factors that affect life inside the system†¢ Ecology is the study of relationships between different organisms and their environment†¢ Ecosystem is thus a subset of ecology which is a vast subject area| Ecosystem is an ecological unit which includes all the organisms living in a particular area and all the abiotic (non living) features of the local environment. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment. The environment of an organism includes physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation (sunlight), climate, and geology, and biotic ecosystem, which includes other organisms that share its habitat.

Cicuits essays

Cicuits essays Effects and Aspects of a Grasshopper Grasshoppers have been studied, collected, and named from all parts of the earth except for the most frigid regions. More than 10,000 species have been classified and given scientific names. In addition the scientific name, species of grasshoppers may have good common names. The basic classification and identification of grasshoppers consists of the external features of the body. Grasshoppers belong to the phylum Arthropoda as evidence show by the ring like segments of their body, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton. Further segregation places the grasshopper in the class Insecta. Within the Insecta, grasshoppers belong to the order Orthoptera. The name Orthoptera derived from the Greek ortho meaning straight and ptera meaning wing, which refers to the parallel-sided structure of the front wings. Orthoptera is hypothesized to arise during the middle of the Carboniferous period. Most living organisms from this order are terrestrial with modified hind legs that are used for jumping. Also many species have the ability to make and detect sounds. Orthoptera is basically considered as a dominant group in most terrestrial habits. These insects feed on all types of plants and often cause economic damage. Swarms of grasshoppers regularly appear in parts of Africa, Asia, and North America, which destroy crops over wide land areas. The body of the grasshopper has three distinctive groups, the head, thorax, and abdomen. A stiff shell covers the body, much like a crab. The head contains two antennae which grow forward and curve upward from the head. The grasshoppers use the antennas to examine food before it eats. There are also two lips and two powerful jaws with sharp teeth to form the mouth. These fingerlike parts called palpi grow on both sides of the mouth and on the lower lip. This contains the insects taste buds. The grasshopper has five eyes lo...

Choose two pieces of literature, one labeled fantasy and one labeled Essay

Choose two pieces of literature, one labeled fantasy and one labeled realistic fiction that treat the same important theme, such as family, getting along with your peer group, the value of imagination, etc - Essay Example However, Salinger’s book is ultimately more effective, because it must function in a world familiar to reality, rather than a fantasy world of whimsy. In Frank Herbert’s â€Å"Dune,† Paul Atriedes is a young prince whose family moves to a desert planet. After the death of his father, Paul must join with local freedom fighters to overthrow the Harkonnen spice empire. In the process, Paul becomes a sort of living legend, and a combination Muhammad- and Jesus-figure. He is able to do this because â€Å"Dune† is not a world that has to function familiar to the reader’s reality. In Salinger’s book, Holden Caulfield is also a sort of prince; his parents are wealthy, he is white, and he goes to an expensive boarding school. And like Paul, he must overcome his demons and become a man. But it is much harder for Holden, because he is intimately familiar with the crazy world that is close to New York reality (realistic fiction). And instead of earning the respect and women of freedom fighters through knife fighting, Holden is taken advantage of and beat up by a pimp. His story is funnier, and also more human than Paul’s; this is because his story has to function by the rules of

Research topics and explanation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topics and explanation - Research Paper Example The increasing trend of students being expelled for exam cheating in schools is a matter that has aroused debate in the society. Since the students are expected to be the future leaders, there is need to give them sound bringing up and in the event they commit some mistakes especially in learning institution. It is therefore important to resort to other rehabilitative measures like counseling in cases of examination cheating instead of the ultimate destructive move of expelling them. This issue is therefore critical for the general welfare of the society. Various states have been experiencing high cases of accidents caused by reckless motorists. Most of these accidents can be attributed to lack of safety measures like helmet for the motorcyclists and the passengers (Savageau, 2007). The society has kept blaming transport department and related authorities on laxity of enforcing safety measure rules with particular emphasis on wearing helmet. This topic is relevant as if it is addressed it will significantly mitigate cases of motorcyclists and passengers having head injuries at the slightest contact with the ground or any other object in the event of an accident. The sensitivity of the head to injuries also makes it important to address the issue of wearing helmet as a compulsory requirement for any motorcyclist (Merson, Black, & Mills, 2012). The audience of this subject should be the motorcyclists, general public who forms the passenger community and the transport governing authorities who should ensure rules and regulations on road safety are implemented. The increasing call for safety measures in the roads requires that all the motorcyclists enlist the use of helmet. It is in the interest of the general public that helmets are made available for the passenger and the motorcyclists to minimize case of fatalities in

Operations and logistics management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operations and logistics management - Essay Example This makes the task easier since payments are made online and the registration process is simple and very easy to understand. Since the data is usually fed into the client side computer, the aspect of reaching out to the already registered customers through the database helps the company in spreading its message, getting their point across to the relevant target audiences and so on and so forth. (Cade, 1996) The negative aspects include the manner in which verification still needs to be done through the physical presence of a person, especially at the airport terminal where the online booking is re-confirmed and there have been instances when the travelers have returned due to missing information, all of which cannot be made available online. This is a very cumbersome process for the traveler and he undergoes agony and distress at the hands of the authorities. At other times, visa restrictions and incomplete data has accounted for a number of different problems as well. However this style of service (online booking) has been on the development side and more and more travelers are booking their tickets online, so as to save on fuel and time constraints. This is a busy world where business people have issues dealing with certain problems and hence they find it best to book tickets online and earn rewards as well. (Griffin, 2002) On the flip side, for a newbie traveler this can pose problems since he might encounter different problems at the hands of the online booking form, the agent or the whole service in essence. Hence there could be a number of improvements made within the related circles. For one, they could adopt a more comprehensive cover for the potential customer who is the traveler at the end of the day. They could offer services which are readily available when the customer makes a physical appearance at the travel agent’s office. (Molina, 2001) They can avoid the litigation measures and

Importance Of International Financial Management Finance Essay

Importance Of International Financial Management Finance Essay The rapid globalization, economic crises and continuously changing business environment together to make present financial management challenges more critical than ever. And the same forces make successful financial controls very important because international financial management (IFM) operates, with the decisions financial in nature taken, in the era of international business. The development in international business is apparent in the mode of extremely inflated volume of international trade. The history of international trade can be traced back to World War II. When after the war years immediately, the common type of contracts on the Trade and Tariffs were established in order to increase trade. This arrangement eliminates the trade restrictions extensively over the years and as a consequence multinational trade grew largely. Moreover, the traders financial contribution in respect of exports and imports surged widely across the countries. Since then this situation persist and in crease over the years that compel companies of all types and sizes to think how to utilize resources when dealing in international markets. This expansion gives rise to significant variation in the position of market stability. As a result, today major financial decisions entail cross-border complications. Preferences in respect of raising capital, management of risk, investment decisions, mergers, restructuring, and all other features of financial strategy generally involve international complexities and these complications increase the need of international financial management. When financial managers take these decisions they must examine currency exchange rates, risk factors of specific country, tax rules differences and deviation in legal systems. In short, the finance managers of multinational corporations need appropriate management of international flow of funds for which the international financial management came to be very important and this has been discussed in detail below. Objectives The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the importance of international financial management to know that the role that financial management is playing in a modern international business environment. Importance of International Financial Management International financial management (IMF) significance cannot be exaggerated. It is, however, the core factor to successful business operations. In the absence of finance in local even in international market, no entity can achieve its full strengths for success and growth. We all know that money is a worldwide lubricant that keeps the local and multinational enterprise dynamic in developing product, keeping machines and men in working, motivating management to create values and progress. As I have discussed above that globalization open the market for major corporations to business into international markets, but it also brings corporations to a variety of risks that they can face while operating in international era and in this regard international financial management is the only solution to mitigate these risks and expose corporations to the whole world to operate in. Below is the details of risk that multinational companies face and the role international financial management pla y to control these risk that increase the importance of international financial management. Currency Exchange Risk and International Financial Management Operating business in international markets may result in a foreign currency exchange risk that is known as exposure of transaction. Currency exchange risk arises when an entity has receivables or payables major portion in foreign currency (FC). The risk persists in the variation of the foreign currency exchange rate. For instance, if the foreign currency increases in value before paying liability, the business has to pay extra amount to purchase the foreign currency required to clear this liability. As a consequence, the business will face a loss of foreign exchange. And when the currency value decreases the business will have foreign currency gain. On the other hand net assets will have the reverse relationships that are denominated in a foreign currency. In managing the risk of currency exchange, IFM approaches have gained prominence in recent years. IFM provides a variety of hedging techniques to control foreign currency transaction risks. Pricing. The basic technique offers by international financial management to manage risk or to control billing currency, is called pricing. Exchange risk currency can be controlled if the businesses invoice their clients in the companys reporting currency or functional currency. For instance, a business can settle a price of receivable in the currency in which they are reporting and thus transfer the risk of exchange to their customer. Settlement. This technique is used where the business cannot price their customer in reporting currency, it can exercise the settlement technique to eliminate FC exchange risk. This technique needs that management continuously offer early settlement discounts for receivables or payables dealt in a foreign currency. In short, this technique of IFM pushes a business to renounce the advantage of the money time value with the intention to evade the risks of foreign currency exchange variations. Forward Contracts. The business should use the other techniques to control the cash flows if it doesnt want to make early settlement or cannot price in reporting currency. Almost certainly in this situation the renowned hedging methods is selling and buying forward contracts in foreign currency. These are agreements between parties to sell or buy foreign currency in future time at pre-decided fixed exchange rate. It reduces the companys exposures to variation in exchange rates, whatever the rate in future is, the transactions occur at fixed rate. This transaction involves the cost of currency exchange and the cost of purchasing a forward contract. Leading and logging. IFM also provides additional technique to mitigate the risks for centralized and large business, called leading and logging. This technique requires leading (prepaying) due amount when the currency of payer is decreasing against the payment currency and lagging (covering) those payments if the currency of payer is increasing. From business perspectives, the international financial manager can ask for leading and lagging technique so as to take benefit of the constructive consequences of exchange rate variation. Moreover, leading and lagging strategies may be exercised to move funds to cash-poor from cash-rich partners, thus enhancing liquidity in short-term. Working Capital Management and International Financial Management International financial management plays very important role in working capital management. Working capital management means taking decisions relating to short-term liquidity, and capital financing. These decisions comprises on managing the rapport between short-term asset and short liabilities of the firm. In this regard international financial management plays very important role in maximizing the worth of the firm by spending in such projects which produce a positive net present value (NPV) by discounting with appropriate discount rate. These investments, as a result, have complexities in relation to cost of capital pf cash flow. The purpose of IFM is to make sure that the business is capable of operating, and that it has positive flow of cash to support debt in long-term, and to assure both upcoming operational expenses and short-term debt. In this way the firm value is appreciated in case the return on capital investment surpass the capital cost. Financing Decision International Financial Management also guides companies in taking financing decions. And accomplishing the business financial objectives IFM need that any corporate investment be financed properly. As discussed above since both un-stable rate and cash flows will be influenced, the mix of the financing can influence the valuation. In this way financial manager must highlight the capital structures and optimal mix of financing that should result in maximum value. The sources to generate finance generally involve the combination of debt and equity financing. If a business decides to finance through debt, it will increase the liability that must be paid, therefore involving cash flow complications independent of the project target of success. The second option is equity financing. Equity financing is, however, less risky in relation to cash flow payment promises, but results in a reduction of control, ownership and earnings. The equity financing cost is also more than the cost incurred in debt financing, and in this way equity financing method may result in an appreciated hurdle rate that may compensate any reduction in risk of cash flow. International financial management helps management to keep balance between both options to avoid the risk of cost burden. IFM Co-ordinates Various Functional Activities International financial management offers comprehensive harmonization between varieties of functional areas such as production, marketing, etc. to accomplish the goals of organizations. If financial management is imperfect in multinational companies, the effectiveness of other business units can be maintained. For instance, it is very essential for the finance department to make available required finance for the raw material procurement and for other expense for the successful running of business. If financial department does not work properly and fails to meet obligations, the sale and production units will suffer and as a result profit and income will undergo. In short, proper financial management occupies a significant place in any business concern. Determinant of Business Success International financial management is necessary for the business success. It has been identified that the financial manger plays a very imperative role in the business success by suggesting the higher level management the effective solutions of a range of financial problems as professional. They provide considerable figures and facts in relation to financial position and company various functions performance in specific period before the higher management in such means that make it easier for the higher management to assess the companys progress to adjust policies and the principles of the company properly. The international financial managers help the higher management in the process of decision making by recommending the best possible solutions out of the number of alternatives options available. Hence, international financial management assists the management at various stages in taking national and international financial decisions. IFM as Measure of Performance International financial management helps to measure the performance of business through its financial results by applying the techniques of ratio analysis. These analyses provide the position that where the firm is going over the years. Such financial decisions that appreciate risks become cause to decrease the worth of the firm and on the other the hand, such international financial decisions that boost the profitability enhance the firm value. Profitability and risk are two necessary part of any business that can be managed effectively through financial management. Conclusion The challenges that management is facing today is the effective and efficient working such that is internationally oriented. The major difficulties that a business faces in international markets are, fluctuation in currency exchange rate, investing decisions, financing decision, coordination of different business unit in different geographic places, etc. These problems can be managed through proper adaptation of international financial management methodologies. The effectiveness of these methodologies based on managements understanding to the foreign markets and the requirements of its subsidiaries. In short, managing business accounts and finance is crucial to the success of every multinational business because the increase in complication and importance of financial management in international business environment poses challenges for management in international corporations.

symbolaw Symbols and Symbolism - Clothing as a Symbol in The Awakening

Use of Clothing as a Symbol in The Awakening    In the novel, The Awakening, Kate Chopin takes Edna Pontellier on a journey of self-discovery. In doing this, she uses many symbols to show the relationship between Edna and the world. Clothing, or rather, the lack thereof, displays this relationship well. As Edna progresses throughout the novel, she discards more and more layers of the confining à ¬clothingà ® that surrounds her body and soul. By taking off her clothing, one piece at a time, she disobeys the rules that society has set for her, and in doing this, she exerts her independence. In this summer voyage, Edna becomes a free woman.    In the Victorian society that Edna lives in, the proper attire for women requires them to wear very confining clothing. This clothing symbolizes the constraints on the social behavior of women in this age. It restricts Edna's body and impedes her freedom to move. At the beginning of the novel, fully dressed Edna wears all the proper clothing. However, when Edna and Adele walk together to the beach, Edna wears considerably less clothing than that of her companion. Adele wears a veil, gloves, and ruffles to protect her body. Edna wears a thinner, simple dress and removes her collar and unbuttons her dress at the throat once at the beach. She chooses not to cover herself as harshly as Adele. Adele portrays the picture of a perfect Victorian woman through her manner of dress. Edna's decision to free herself more than Adele symbolizes her growing rejection of Victorian society rules.    Edna becomes distraught when she discovers her friend, Robert, is leaving. She goes home and sheds her clothes for a more comfortable wrap. She casts off more layers of conventio... ...bsp; As a final profession of her freedom, Edna discards her last layer of clothing until she stands naked on the beach. She swims out into the ocean and drowns there. Her final act of independence required her to end her life. She shed the final constriction on her life when she stripped herself alone on the beach. She frees herself from social conventionalism and at last opens herself up to do something totally for her own reasons and rules.    Throughout the novel, as Edna sheds herself of the clothing and possessions that surround her, she becomes more liberated, free, her own woman. The clothing represents the society that confines her and the independence that stripping the clothing gives her enlightens her soul. Kate Chopin uses clothing as a way of conveying the social injustice imposed upon women in the Victorian age in which they were trapped.

Everyman & Seventh Seal Comparison

Every November 6th 2012 Comparison Between Dramatic Works Everyman and Seventh Seal The fifteenth century play Everyman explores the journey of a man, who represents the individuals of mankind, who is confronted by the inevitability of his own death. Very similarly, Antonius Block is portrayed during the fourteenth century bubonic plague, and is confronted by death on reoccurring occasions. During the events of the two dramatic pieces, the two protagonists visit many similar and different circumstances while figuring out solutions to their crisis. It is clear that historically, t has had an impact on the outcomes of the play. First of all, it is intended to be clear that morality is inducted as a major aspect of the plays. In Everyman, an ordinary man is made to face his duty in life. His confrontation comes from a dialogue with Death to distinguish if he is ready to die. Of course, â€Å"thou comest when I had thee least in mind,† and he is not ready. Everyman seeks camarader ie on a dangerous journey, but is abandoned by allegorical figures like Goods, Knowledge, Kindred etc. He soon finds out the only thing that remains areGood Deeds, and that is the only important thing to be accepted into the Kingdom of Heaven. In Bergman’s Seventh Seal, Antonius Block is visited by Death in a form of a chess game, which was inspired by the painting,Taby Kyrka. Both plays foreshadow their inevitable death as it is being delayed by the protagonists to provide one last good measure. For instance, Everyman understands he is going to die, he just wanted to provide one last deed to cleanse his soul, and Antonius understands it as well, but he is just delaying it. In the end both provide their promise as Everyman is ready to die, andAntonius knocks over the pieces so Jof and Mia could escape death, as he accepts his own. Secondly, the historical context has had a major role on the development on both plays. In Everyman’s case, it was written in the late 15th century which deals with; the Fall of Constantinople, the 100 years war, and the Great Fall, which would all follow into Christian Humanism. This attitude influenced the Western European society and people started writing more about God, and the human perception on afterlife. Morality in the play is shown to convey a Christian message and shows him rying to save his soul to reach salvation, and promote the sacraments to others. During this time period Christians believed they had some responsibility and control over the afterlife. Catholics were mainly trying to promote what’s important and forget about the superficial items on Earth. On the other hand, Seventh Seal is referred to the Book of Revelation, and it’s stated in the film, â€Å"And when the Lamb had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour† (Revelation 8:1). Seventh Seal was a Swedish film shot in 1957 set during the Black Death and is portrayed in a very cc urate way. The story is mainly supposed to represent four recipes for catastrophe which include death, famine, war, and plague, which is evidently shown throughout the progression of the play. When Antonius is confronted by Death, he challenges him to a chess game to delay the inevitable. This helps represent mans endless conflict with God as we struggle with not important goods. It shows people dying of the plague and people giving themselves up as a way to repent because of their incapability to believe in God Both plays are portraying an overall theme that shows everyone will soon come to their demise, it is mportant that we focus on what is important to achieve salvation, and forget what isn’t to avoid obstacles. We are surrounded by temptations materialistic goods, but that is only temporary happiness. People must strive for overall happiness for the eternal life. Both plays strongly present this in an accurate manner, share a very similar theme, while showing death can appear in different ways. Death does not make its presence known in reality, but it does come to everyone and different fashions randomly, therefore the only things Catholics can do is prepare for judgement.

Make a Mardi Gras Mask - French Project

Make a Mardi Gras Mask - French Project Mardi Gras, which means fat Tuesday in French, is celebrated in many francophone regions. Mardi Gras masks are a traditional part of this annual celebration, and making them is an interesting and very creative project for all ages. These basic instructions and tips can be followed by anyone going to a Mardi Gras party or just wanting to share in the fun.  ProjectMake a Mardi Gras maskInstructions Choose mask base: Cardboard, plastic, metal, construction paper, etcCut base to cover the face or eyesCut eyeholes and holes for nose and/or mouthPunch tiny holes in each side and attach string or wire (to hold mask in place)Decorate mask Customization Mask Base: The mask base can be made of just about anything you dont mind wearing over your face. Paper may not last and metal might be difficult, but cardboard is a good, sturdy choice. The shape of the mask base is limited only by your creativity. You can cut an oval to cover your face or a bar to cover your eyes, or you can make another shape, such as a house, an animal, or a tree.Holes for eyes, nose, and mouth can be different shapes - stars, hearts, slits, etc. Decorations: Crayons, colored pencils, chalk, charcoal, markers, paint Beads Embroidery Fabric Fake jewels Feathers Flowers Glitter Lace Ribbons Sequins Stickers String, yarn Tissue paper Wax Mardi Gras Links French Mardi Gras vocabulary Carnaval in Nice, FranceMardi Gras party ideasMardi Gras puzzles for kidsMardi Gras recipesMardi Gras songs Notes Profs de franà §ais forum .

buy custom The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act essay

buy custom The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act essay Since its enactment in 1996, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act have had a profound impact in various domains of the United States healthcare system. Its main role is to protect the privacy of protected health information. This law establishes guidelines that control the sharing of protected health information. Chemical dependency counselors, just like other health professionals collect medical information as well as demographic information from individuals who use their services. This information is classified as Protected Healthcare Information (PHI) which contains individually identifiable health information (Root, 2002). PHI includes demographic information such as an individuals contacts, address, national security number, gender and date of birth in addition to healthcare information. PHI can be communicated in any form; written, spoken, electronically, etc. This paper expresses my views on the HIPPA rules apply to documentation in the field of chemical dep endency counseling. Client record The HIPPA rules require that counselors establish and maintain a client record for every client at the instance of first service delivery. The client record should contain demographic information that identifies the client. After the initial service delivery, the counselor should record the assessment results which include the diagnosis, the clients statement of their problem and the care plan. Further, there should be documentation of all services provided and their times, duration, delivery modes and the state of the client during the time of services discontinuation. There are requirements that counselors maintain a record of al payments received form clients and the charges billed to the counselors (Krager Krager, 2008). These entries should be authenticated. In the case of electronic records, a digital authentication key should be used to authenticate the records. Corrections of entries are required to be marked through with a single line and signed by the counselor. In my view, the stringent record keeping requrements are necessary to avoid documentation problems in the course of the counselors engagement with a client. These rules ensure that documentations are accurate and reflect on the actual situation. Inaccurate documentation is potentially detrimental to the success of a clients treatment plan. In situations where a change of counselor occurs, accurate information should be passed to the next counselor. In case of inaccurate documentation, the counseling plan can be wrongly administered to the client resulting into wastage of time, resources and efforts. Worse still, the customer is left in a worse state than he/she was in before the counseling sessions. The problem of improper documentation is especially harmful to the chemical dependency counseling field due to the nature of psychological treatment plans that require good planning and continuity. Privacy protection HIPAA rules require that the counselor protects client information from unauthorized disclosure. The HIPAA rules stipulate that the client and the counselor have to sign HIPAA agreement papers before commencement of their sessions. The papers are a statement of privacy practices of the facility where the counselor operates. This statement specifies how the counselor can use the information provided in the clients personal file. It also specifies third parties that are allowed to use this information, if any. The counselor and medical staff under him/her are required to sign the agreement at least once annually as an assurance of their awareness of privacy laws, their understanding of the same and their readiness to upholding these laws. In my view, the protection of privacy as provisioned in the HIPAA laws is very important to the client and the entire medical fraternity. Ensuring that this information is only used for the correct purposes that do not jeopardize the normality of clients life is of paramount importance. If shared, chemical dependency issues might lead to unfair discriminations from various quarters of life such as employment and education. People with addictions can be helped out of their preddicaments with proper counseling and guidance. It is therefore unfair to expose such persons to discriminatory treatment that might result from sharing of their personal and medical information. Therefore the HIPAA rules are important in protecting people with chemical dependency issue. They ensure that such people are protected by the law and they get a chance to live just like other people while dealing with their addiction problems. Other issues surrounding HIPAA In addition to client record and protection of private information, there are other issues surrounding HIPAA laws and chemical dependency counseling services. The requirement that counselors keep all the client data helps in coordination of that clients healthcare with other specialists if need when need arises. Such coordination would not be quick enough and efficient if proper client records are not properly kept. This is also helpful in sharing of information with family and friends, and other people that clients deem necessary. There is a need to ensure that HIPAA rules do not hinder the sharing of medical and personal information where it is necessary to do so for various reasons. For instance, a family discovered that their old neighbor was exhibiting signs of mental breakdowns. On taking him to the hospital, treatment was administered to him and since his neighbors were not legally allowed to access his health and personal information, they had to leave him under the care of healthcare providers. With time they could not trace the old man, and despite their goodwill, they were kept away from helping their old neighbor. I therefore find it necessary for HIPAA laws to be amended to allow such concerned parties have access to specific client information, as long as their sincerity can be verified. In conclusion, I believe that the documentation requirements as imposed by the HIPAA rules are largely beneficial, not only to the client but also to other concerned parties. It enhances quick and efficient counseling services and privacy protection for chemical dependency counseling services. Buy custom The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act essay

GREAT EXPECTATION BY CHARLES DICKENS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GREAT EXPECTATION BY CHARLES DICKENS - Essay Example The story is written during Victorian era and provides an emphasis on a sense of social duty, family support relationship and feeling of respect and honor to each other. This is a changing period for Great Britain. This is considered to be the time of dilatation worldwide and becoming strong and powerful country. With the changing of economy and technical development people alter by themselves and transform their way of thinking and perception of world in general and literature particularly (Hughes, 3-5). Victorian literature is directed on a mass reader and focused on high amount of people who are going to read this or that novel. That is why, it may be suggested that Dickens decides reveal on the problems which are relevant for the society and for each humane personally. Moreover, he provides a solution to change the end of the story to a positive one. This might be done for readers to leave a desirable outcome and satisfactory effect from the book. As nineteenth century was not easy time for British citizens Dickens wants to bring a positive note in their lives. The central figure of the novel is Philip Pirrip also called Pip, and Charles Dickens leaves a part of his experience and feelings in this character. He was an orphan, â€Å"a dull, awkward, labouring-boy† (Dickens, 59) who do appreciate his life and considered to be unhappy. His education and growth is the deal of his sister, Mrs. Georgiana Maria Gargery who is â€Å"not a good looking woman† (Dickens, 26), but her character is a hundred times worse than her outlook. She yelps, irritates, trounce her husband and little Pip. This lady has a little devil deep inside in her heart and he is deplorable and wretched. Nevertheless, Pip is acquired kind and sensitive character together with the sincere and pure soul. One day this boy is faced with a chance for bright future in

Autonomy-in regards to decision making in healthcare and research Essay

Autonomy-in regards to decision making in healthcare and research - Essay Example The medical professional is therefore within the confinements of ethical judgment that the individual autonomy is respected. Beauchamp and Childress (2008) highlighted the four main ethical principles as discussed below. Patients’ autonomy which entails their rights to be heard concerning their views on the treatment they are to be given must be considered. Even if the patients’ views may seem uninformed and unjustifiable in questioning a particular form of treatment that the medical professional is subjecting them to, they have a right to do so. The professional should go as far as possible to bear with the patient’s despite the possibility of the patient being unreasonable. For instance, a patient may resist the decision of the medical professional to apply an injection as a method of drug administration, without considerations on the options that the professional has for the same. But with the ethical considerations, autonomy exercised by the patient leaves some tolerance room on the part of the professional. Time should be taken to discern if the patients’ questioning of the decision to be injected has information of available options as well as the underlying reasons . Autonomy is uniquely possessed by different individuals as an element of independence in decision making. Self direction in decision making determines the level of autonomy that the individual exercises. Alternatively, human beings strive to be rational in making decisions that make their lives better. Every human being has an equal right of existence; hence autonomy is a measure of equality. An autonomous choice is allowed by medical professionals only to the extent that it do not endanger the life of the patient. This implies that if the patient does not make an informed decision when refusing the type of treatment proposed by the medical profession, the autonomy does not qualify. Human beings need to feel free in make decisions about their own lives but where issues arise on